We have written extensively about what BPC-157 actually does and the body protective compound clinical applications, and the short version is that the strongest evidence supports tendon and ligament repair, gut-lining integrity, and reduction of NSAID-related tissue damage
At a molecular weight of approximately 340 Da as the free tripeptide (see the GHK-Cu compound overview), it sits below the 500 Da threshold commonly associated with good dermal penetration a key reason GHK-Cu topical serum formulations achieve dermal absorption where many larger cosmetic peptides do not
Four molecule families have peer-reviewed clinical evidence supporting their use in microinfusion-style delivery: copper tripeptide GHK-Cu (collagen synthesis, gene-expression modulation), recombinant epidermal growth factor or sh-Oligopeptide-1 (keratinocyte proliferation, dermal restructuring), polydeoxyribonucleotide PDRN (adenosine A2A receptor activation, fibroblast stimulation, anti-melanogenesis), and a multi-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid system (50 kDa to 2000 kDa fractions, each with different penetration depth and biological role)
NOX: NADPH oxidase
Some of the most common reactions you might notice include a bit of water retention, mild nausea, or a temporary flushing sensation shortly after an injection
Reviews favor oral/topical for safety